Alabama stipulated that water carriers were principal competitors to railroads, then denied the point after competition became decisive. The Eleventh Circuit called the reversal a calculated hedge. Judge Gerald Tjoflat said the ruling would teach litigants not to concede anything.
Heirs to a Havana factory sued two British parent companies, alleging that their corporate interests and U.S. advertising activity profited from property Cuba confiscated in 1961. The Eleventh Circuit held that those American connections were not enough to make the companies defend the suit here.